附錄十四、諾貝爾 Nobel, Alfred Bernhard(1833-10-21~1896-12-10)
1. 《中國大百科全書》;第二版簡明版編輯部編著;中國大百科全書出版社;2011。
瑞典化學家和工程師。生於斯德哥爾摩,卒於意大利聖雷莫。1950年去巴黎學習化學一年,後又在美國工作過四年。後在他父親的工廠裡工作。1859年開始研究硝化甘油,1862年完成了第一次爆炸實驗,1863年獲得了瑞典炸藥專利。諾貝爾在斯德哥爾摩附近建立了小型工廠來生產硝化甘油,但1864年工廠爆炸,五人(其中有諾貝爾的弟弟)喪生。為了防止再發生意外,他將硝化甘油吸收在惰性物質中,使用比較安全。他稱它為達納炸藥,並於1867年獲得專利。1875年他將火棉(纖維素六硝酸酯)與硝化甘之油混合起來,得到膠狀物質,稱為炸膠,比達納炸藥有更強的爆炸力,於1876年獲得專利。1887年他發展了無煙炸藥。諾貝爾積累了巨大財富,逝世時將其主要部分作為每年對世界上在物理學、化學、醫學或生理學、文學及和平方面對人類作出巨大貢獻的人士的獎金基金,於1901年第一次頒發,即諾貝爾獎。
2. 諾具爾和平獎
一百多年前,有一個人早上起來,撿起報紙來讀時,嚇然發現報手他死亡的消息。昨天他的化工廠被炸藥炸毀,但他并不在場,是別人死去的,但報紙卻誤以為是他死去了。這是誤的報導,但他內心產生好奇,想知造當他死時,別人會怎麼說他。大大的新聞標題寫著:死亡敗賣商。他就是發明炸藥的人,因製造炸藥、槍火賺了巨大的財福。
新聞標題像當頭棒喝,喚醒了他的良心。他被世上的人稱為「死亡販賣商」可能就這樣留名後世。可是這不是他所想要的人生,也不是死后所要的名聲。在這一個時刻裏,醫治的能力勝過了炸藥毀滅性的威力。好像這是他的「浴火重生」的時刻,改變了他的人生觀。他決定將他所有的精力与金錢用在人類和年与增進人類福祉之用途上。今天,我們都知道這一個人,不是「死亡敗賣商」,而是「諾貝爾和平獎」的創辨人––––阿爾弗雷德 ‧ 諾貝爾。
3. 作為諾貝爾獎設立者,依靠軍六致富,被惡評為死亡商人后迷途知返
炸藥主要用于土木工程或挖掘,軍事需求也很大。諾貝爾取得五十多個國家的專俐權,開了近一百間工厂,并建立起龐大的財富,成為全球的大富豪。繼父親之后,諾貝爾同樣成為死亡商人。
以上就是常見的成功者故事。問題是然后。
有一次,諾貝爾佐報紙上看到自已的死亡報導。標題是“死亡商人逝世”。內容則是“阿佛烈 ‧ 諾貝爾博士,發明了史上最短時間內殺害最多人的方法,并借此賺取財富的人物于昨日去世。”
這是誤報。報社把他跟昨天去世的哥哥搞混了。諾貝爾大為震掠。此后他開始認真注意世間對自己的觀感。這是他五+四歲時的事情。經過思考,諾貝爾在生前遺書中表示,死后將捐出遺產的94%設立獎項。
現在每年播出諾貝爾漢的新聞時,電視上總看到當紅得獎者或激動、或平靜、或羞澀的模樣。雖然諾爾的名字連小學生都知道,但現在已經沒有人認為他是死亡商人了。
4. Alfred Nobel Was Also Known As "The Merchant Of Death" Daven Hiskey.
The "merchant of death" title was given to him due to Nobel inventing, and making most of his vast fortune off of, dynamite and other types of explosives, such as "ballistite", which was the precursor to quite a lot of military grade explosive devices.
Nobel came up with the idea of using his money for these annual prizes after his brother, Ludvig, died in 1888 and a French newspaper mistakenly thought it had been Alfred Nobel himself who died. The newspaper published the obituary under the title "The Merchant of Death is Dead", going on to state: Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday."
When Nobel read this, he began thinking of how to improve his public image after his death and decided on leaving his enormous fortune to fund a set of prizes named after himself. The Nobel Prizes were created as awards for people who made the greatest contribution to mankind in subjects that interested Nobel, namely Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature and Peace.
In 1847 a breakthrough came with the development of nitroglycerin, an extraordinarily strong — and terribly dangerous — compound. Its volatility gave it power but led to deadly accidents. The challenge for inventors was to marry the power of nitroglycerin to the stability of gunpowder. The man who did it was Alfred Nobel. It was an achievement that made him not only rich but also troubled. Nobel's complex mix of genius, business acumen, and conscience led to the creation of the world's most famous awards for positive contributions to humanity.
Alfred's father, Immanuel Nobel, was a Swedish businessman and inventor who set himself up in Russia in the service of the tsars. His factory provided arms for the Russian Army during the Crimean War in the 1850s. But in 1859, a few years after the war ended and the demand for arms fell away, the business acumen, and conscience led to the creation of the war went bankrupt.
What was it that prompted Alfred Nobel to create the endowment and the prestigious prizes? The answer may lie in a case of mistaken identity. In 1888 his brother Ludvig died. A French journalist mistakenly believed that it was Alfred who had died and wrote the headline: "Le marchand de la mort est mort" — The merchant of death is dead. It has been suggested that Nobel was deeply affected by this incident, and it caused him to reflect on his legacy..
The Novel family's links to the arms trade were undeniable. Shortly before his death, Nobel acquired the Bofors foundry (today a major Swedish defense firm). Nor did Nobel harbor especially progressive views. He opposed women's right to vote and acted in a notably paternalistic manner toward his factory workers.
There is some evidence that Nobel believed that dynamite would be instrumental in bringing about world peace. He once wrote to von Suttner: "Perhaps my factories will put an end to war sooner than your congresses: on the day that two army corps can mutually annihilate each other in a second, all civilized nations will surely recoil with horror and disband their troops."
5. Alfred Nobel, by Will Kenton.
Nobel is also the man after whom the Nobel Prize is named.
There are many different theories about why Nobel created the prize. Albert Einstein, a Nobel Prize winner himself, said that "Alfred Nobel invented an explosive more powerful than any then known — an exceedingly effective means of destruction. To atone for this 'accomplishment' and to relieve his conscience, he instituted his award for the promotion of peace." Although this is a commonly held belief, it is not confirmed in any of Nobel's own words.
Nobel did hold the naive belief that once the carnage of targeted explosions was unleashed upon the field, his explosives might bring a swift end to wars and battles. When one of his brothers died in 1888, a French newspaper mistakenly ran the headline, "The merchant of death is dead" in reference to Alfred. This event is believed to have at least played a role in solidifying Nobel's thoughts around using his wealty to create a better legacy.
Key Takeaways
• Alfred Nobel created the Nobel Prize using the fortune he had built in the explosives business.
• Although he was a declared pacifist, many of Nobel's inventions helped make war more devastating.
• It is believed that the Nobel Prize was an attempt by Nobel to leave a better legacy in the world than having improved military weaponry through his ingenuity.
Despite his contributions to explosives technology, Alfred Noble was a strong promoter of world peace. Countess Bertha Kinsky, another strong promoter of peace, influenced Nobel's pacifist tendencies. At one point, the Countess responded to an advertisement that the 43-year-old Noble published, seeking a woman housekeeper and secretary.
If Nobel's intention was to rebuild his legacy, it was clearly successful because his name is more closely associate with the peace prize than it is with explosives technology. Upon his death, Alfred Nobel provided a $9 million endowment fund to be used as a reward to exceptional work in various fields.
6. Alfred Nobel created the Nobel Prize as a false obituary declared him "The Merchant of Death".
The Nobel Prize is considered one of the most recognizable and prestigious awards possible, honoring men and women from all over the world for outstanding achievements in different fields.
The founder of the awards, Alfred Nobel, was himself known for many achievements and contributions to various fields, holding 335 different patents. However, the reason Nobel left most of his fortune to establish the Nobel Foundation was to improve his public image, not wanting to be remembered as the "Merchant of Death" for inventing dynamite.
Nobel also invented and patented bastille, a precursor to various smokeless military explosives. He also purchased Bosfor iron and steel, and transformed it into a major cannon manufacturer. During his lifetime he amassed a fortune from his 355 inventions, from which dynamite was the most significant.
When Alfred's brother Ludwig died in 1888, a French newspaper mistakenly published Alfred's obituary. Reading his own obituary Nobel was disgusted to find out his public image. The newspaper condemned Nobel for inventing dynamite, giving him the infamous nickname Le marchand de la mort est mort ("The merchant of death is dead") and wnt on to say "Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday."
To Alfred, this obituary was a warning. He spent his lifetime alone inventing things and was deeply disturbed and concerned with how he would be remembered. This unfortunate event inspired him to make alterations in his will, to improve his public image, and to be remembered for a good cause.
7. The Dark Side of the Nobel Prizes, by Marc Lallanilla.
But the origins of the Nobel Prizes, and the life of Alfred Nobel, tell a very different story, one tainted by the deaths of untold thousands of people.
The invention of dynamite revolutionized the mining, construction and demolition industries. Railroad companies could now safety blast through mountains, opening up vast stretches of the Earth's surface to exploration and commerce.
'Merchant of death'
Dynamite, of course, had other uses, and it wasn't long before military authorities began using it in warfare, including dynamite cannons used during the Spanish-American War. Though he's widely credited with being a pacifist, it's not known whether Nobel approved of dynamite's military use or not.
Nonetheless, he found out what others thought of his invention when, in 1888, his brother Ludvig died. Though some journalist error, Alfred's obituary was widely printed instead, and he was scorned for being the man who made millions through the deaths of others. Once French newspaper wrote "Le marchand de la mort est mort," or "the merchant of death is dead." The obituary went on to describe Nobel as a man "who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before."
Nobel was reportedly stunned by what he read, and as a result became determined to do something to improve his legacy. One year before he died in 1896, Nobel signed his last will and testament, which set aside the majority of his vast estate to establish the five Nobel Prizes, including one awarded for the pursuit of peace.
8. Science history: The merchant of death who commemorated peace.
Perhaps his original intent had been benign, to benefit construction, mining and other worthwhile industries, but it is undeniable that his products were readily adapted for use in engines of war and killing, and that he himself owned factories producing armaments.
It isn't known for certain why Nobel established the prizes that bear his name, but one commonly told explanation is that when, in 1888, his brother Ludvig passed away, many newspapers said it was Alfred who had died, including one that wrote, "the merchant of death is dead".
9. How The "Merchant of Death" Turned Patron of Peace, Jodie Shaw.
In 1888, Ludvig Nobel, the brother of Swedish entrepreneur Alfred Nobel, died. A number of newspapers mistook Ludvig for Alfred and so wrote their obituaries about Alfred instead.
Not all of them were flattering. In fact, an obituary in one French paper stated, "Le marchand de la mort est mort" ("The merchant of death is dead")
Alfred, who was only 55 at the time, was shocked to see himself described as "the merchant of death." He was an inventor, and held 355 different patents — the most famous of which was dynamite. And he was instrumental in steering his company, Bofors, from being a simple iron and steel producer into one of the biggest arms suppliers in Europe.
The French obituary held none of its contempt for Alfred back, going on to say, "Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday." And as he read, Alfred was forced to recognize that yes, in fact, his inventions of detonators, dynamite and a string of ever-more deadly explosives were responsible for an enormous number of deaths.
"Merchant of death" was pretty accurate.
But was that what he wanted to be remembered as?
Alfred Nobel decided to rewrite his legacy. Secretly, he changed his will to leave his entire fortune towards a foundation that would fund five Nobel Prizes: A Peace Prize, Literary Prize, and three Science Prizes in physics, chemistry & medicine.
Ironically, the money for this prize came originally from the arms trade — yet very few people know that the founder of the Nobel Peace Prize was also the inventor of dynamite.
10. How the Inventor of Dynamite, Alfred Nobel, Read an Obituary That Called Him "The Merchant of Death" and Made Amends by Creating the Nobel Prize.
But ten years earlier, in 1888, when the bottle was already well uncorked, Alfred received a shock when a French newspaper misidentified him for his brother, Ludwig, who had just died. His erroneous pre-mortem obituary appeared with the headline "the Merchant of Death is Dead!" The unsparing bio went on to say that Nobel "became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before.
Nobel's first Swedish patent was for "ways to prepare gunpowder" and his father, also an inventor, managed the family factory before him and made arms for the Crimean War. Like many a gilded age industrialist, Nobel turned away from the suffering he caused, endowing the arts and sciences after death to ease his conscience in life, many think, but not to truly ameliorate the damage done.
Nobel was a sensitive and complicated individual whose life was filled with grief and loss and who left a lasting legacy as a patron of intellectual culture. He was also a manufacturer of deadly weapons of mass destruction. Both of these things were true.
11. Merchant of Death - The story behind the Nobel Prize!
Apart from mechanical workshops, he now set up armament factories producing cannon shells and other fear-inspiring weapons of war. The explosives created by Nobel spread rapidly around the world and brought great benefits to engineering and mining. But inevitably, they were also used intensively for war. He often quoted, "As soon as nations will find that in one instant, whole armies can be utterly destroyed, they surely will abide in golden peace." Alfred considered himself to be a pacifist and strongly believed that his weapons would create deterrence, ultimately proving to be a boon to mankind. This, however, was a gross miscalculation. Wars continued, and nations didn't recoil. His inventions failed to change the course of the world. His faith in mankind was sadly misplaced.
One particular incident, however, left him with a tortured conscience thereby changing his life forever. As the tale goes, in 1888, Ludwig, one of Alfred's brothers, died of an intracerebral haemorrhage while visiting Cannes. A French newspaper erroneously confused the deceased's identity with that of Alfred and published a scathing obituary entitled. "The Merchant of Death is dead." It condemned him for his inventions, criticizing him as the wealthiest vagabond in Europe who had become rich by finding ways to mutilate and kill innocent. Virtually every newspaper seemed to find glory in his supposed demise. The error was later corrected, but life had granted him a rare opportunity of reading his obituary. What he read in the newspaper horrified him and left an indelible mark on his conscience. The devastation led to a re-evaluation and he realized that the end-result of his life's work was to be worldwide condemnation. Fame and fortune now felt like a burden. He began questioning himself, "Is this how posterity is going to remember me?" "Is this the legacy that I'll leave behind? He became concerned about his posthumous reputation and decided to establish a positive legacy. In 1893, Alfred along with his assistant worked diligently on his will over the next two years. In the four-page document that he prepared, he selflessly bequeathed over 94% of his fortune to set up The Nobel Foundation. By the time he wrote his will, Nobel was highly affluent and owned over 100 factories that made explosives and munitions. But this was not the way he wanted to be remembered. Now was the time for a much-needed change. His only intention was to work for humanity; to reward all those who have selflessly worked for society and have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.
12. The Explosive Origins of the Nobel Prizes.
In 1847 a breakthrough came with the development of nitroglycerin, an extraordinarily strong — and terribly dangerous — compound. Its volatility gave it power but led to deadly accidents. The challenge for inventors was to marry the power of nitroglycerin to the stability of gunpowder. The man who did it was Alfred Nobel. It was an achievement that made him not only rich but also troubled. Nobel's complex mix of genius, business acumen, and conscience led to the creation of the world's most famous awards for positive contributions to humanity.
Alfred's father, Immanuel Nobel, was a Swedish businessman and inventor who set himself up in Russia in the service of the tsars. His factory provided arms for the Russian Army during the Crimean War in the 1850s. But in 1859, a few years after the war ended and the demand for arms fell away, the business went bankrupt.
What was it that prompted Alfred Nobel to create the endowment and the prestigious prizes? The answer may lie in a case of mistaken identity. In 1888 his brother Ludvig died. A French journalist mistakenly believed that it was Alfred who had died and wrote the headline: "Le marchand de la mort est mort" — The merchant of death is dead. It has been suggested that Nobel was deeply affected by this incident, and it caused him to reflect on his legacy.
The Nobel family's links to the arms trade were undeniable. Shortly before his death, Nobel acquired the Bofos foundry (today a major Swedish defense firm). Nor did Nobel harbor especially progressive views. He opposed women's right to vote and acted in a notably paternalistic manner toward his factory workers.
There is some evidence that Nobel believed that dynamite would be instrumental in bringing about world peace. He once wrote to von Suttner: "Perhaps my factories will put an end to war sooner than your congresses: on the day that two army corps can mutually annihilate each other in a second, all civilized nations will surely recoil with horror and disband their troops."
13. Remembering Alfred Nobel: All about the 'Merchant of Death'.
Alfred Nobel was called the 'Merchant of Death' for his inventions and the most prestigious award is given after his name.
The inventor of dynamite and explosives was criticised for finding ways to kill people faster than ever.
He left his enormous savings to fund a set of prizes, called the Nobel Prizes, allegedly in his last will — which he signed on November 27 in 1895.
In 1888, Alfred's brother Ludvig died while visiting Cannes and a French newspaper mistakenly published Alfred's death with the title 'The Merchant of Death is Dead'.
Thinking that he had passed away, the newspaper severely condemned him for his invention of dynamite. It also stated that "Dr Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday."
Alfred was disappointed with what he read and became mch concerned with how he would be remembered.
In order to improve his image of a 'Merchant of Death,' Nobel considered naming the highly powerful substance 'Nobel's Safty Powder', but settled with 'Dynamite' instead —which meant 'power' in Greek.
To clear his name, he left most of his wealth in a trust, in order to fund the awards that came to be known as the Nobel Prizes.
14. Alfred Nobel, Wikipedia.
Nobel invented dynamite in 1867, a substance easier and safer to handle than the more unstable nitroglycerin. Dynamite was patented in the US and the UK and was used extensively in mining and the building of transport networks internationally. In 1875 Nobel invented gelignite, more stable and powerful than dynamite, and in 1887 patented ballistite, a predecessor of cordite.
In 1888, the death of his brother Ludvig caused several newspapers to publish obituaries of Alfred in error. One French newspaper published on obituary titled "Le marchand de la mort est mort' ("The merchant of death is dead"). Nobel read the obituary and was appalled at the idea that he would be remembered in this way. His decision to posthumously donate the majority of his wealth to found the Nobel Prize has been credited at least in part to him wanting to leave behind a better legacy.
In 1888, Alfred's brother, Ludvig, died while visiting Cannes, and a French newspaper mistakenly published Alfred's obituary. It condemned him for his invention of military explosives (not, as is commonly quoted, dynamite, which was mainly used for civilian applications) and is said to have brough about his decision to leave a better legacy after his death. The obituary stated, Le marchand de la mort est mort ("The merchant of death is dead") and went on to say, "Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday." Alfred (who never had a wife or children) was disappointed with what he read and concerned with how he would be remembered.
On 27 November 1895, at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Nobel signed his last will and testament and set aside the bulk of his estate to establish the Nobel Prizes, to be awarded annually without distinction of nationality. After taxes and bequests to individuals, Nobel's will allocated 94% of his total assets, 31,225,000 Swedish kronor, to establish the five Nobel Prizes.
Nobel was Lutheran and regularly attended the Church of Sweden Abroad during his Paris years, led by pastor Nathan Soderblom who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1930. He became an agnostic in youth and was an atheist later in life, though still donated generously to the Church.
In 1876, Austro-Bohemian Countess Bertha Kinsky became his secretary, but she left him after a brief stay to marry her previous lover Baron Arthur Gandaccar von Suttner. Her contact with Nobel was brief, yet she corresponded with him until his death in 1896, and it is believed that she was a major influence in his decision to include a peace prize in his will.
Criticism of Nobel focuses on his leading role in weapons manufacturing and sales, and some question his motives in creating his prizes, suggesting they are intended to improve his reputation.
15. The Merchant of death is dead by Scott A. Grant.
Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, rose from his bed one morning to read his own obituary. He did not like what it said. To his dismay, the obituary was headlined, "The Merchant of Death is Dead." It sounds more lyrical in the original French, "Le Marchand de la Mort est Mort."
Nobel held 355 patents and had accumulated a vast fortune in the arms business. The obituary in the French newspaper was not kind. "Dr. Alfred Nobel," it announced, "who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday." Of course, the obituary in the Paris newspaper was a mistake. Alfred Nobel was still very much alive. It was not Alfred who had died; it was his brother, Ludvig, who had passed away n Cannes in the year 1888.
It is said that the cutting rebuke of the false obituary inspired Alfred Nobel to change his future legacy and in so doing change the future of the whole world. Nobel had invented dynamite in 1867. It had many useful applications, but it was also used for war. He had naively hoped that the invention might prevent war .
"My dynamite will sooner lead to peace than a thousand world conventions," he prophesied. "As soon as men will find that in one instant, whole armies can be utterly destroyed, they surely will abide by golden peace."
It was not to be so in Nobel's lifetime or after his eventual demise. War became deadlier.
When Nobel dies in 1895, he leaves 94 percent of his estate valued at 31.5 million Swedish kroner, or a little over $8 million, to the Nobel Foundation.
16. The Merchant Of Death, by Sharleigh.
In 1888, Dr. Alfred Nobel became known as "The Merchant of Death" when a French newspaper mistook his brother's death for his. The article not only stated that "The Merchant of Death" was dead, but it went on to say that Dr. Alfred Nobel had become rich by finding more ways to kill more people faster than ever before. This article really affected him. Since he truly was rich and famous for inventing explosives used in industry and warfare, he began to wonder how people would perceive him after his death. This may have been the turning point in his life. He wanted people to remember him as using his wealth for the betterment of society. On November 27, 1895 he signed his last Will and Testament and 94% of his assets were set aside for the Nobel Foundation. He was rich beyond imagination — before he died he was able to build 90 armament factories and laboratories throughout 20 countries — so 94% of his fortune was a lot!
17. Alfred Nobel
In 1888 the Paris press reported Nobel's death with the headline: "Le marchand de la mort est mort" (the merchant of death is dead).
Actually, they had confused Alfred's brother's death with Alfred's, but it was nevertheless a statement about Alfred Nobel. Impicitly, it reflected the facts that:
He was an important international figure, living in Paris;
He had made a great fortune in the arms business;
He was not popular in France (because of his smokeless powder business), and in fact he had few friends and many enemies and competitors.
By age 43 (after 12 years at the helm of the family business) Alfred Nobel felt old. He began a search for an assistant with the advertisement "wealthy, highly educated elderly gentleman seeks lady of mature age, versed in languages, as secretary and supervisor of household." Bertha Krinsky (from a family of minor nobility fallen on hard times) got the job, but she was with him only a few weeks before Nobel went on travel. Before he returned she went back to Austria to marry Count von Suttner. Nevertheless, the relationship with Countess von Sutter lasted the rest of Nobel's life (by correspondence; he saw her only once). She became very influential in the peace movement (she wrote Lay Down Your Arms) and is probably responsible for the Nobel Prize for Peace, which she actually won some years after Nobel's death.
Nobel lived in Paris from 1873-1891, and had a laboratory outside Paris in Sevran, about 10 miles northeast of the city. Sevran was at that time the French capitol of gunpowder and explosives, and home of the government-owned Poudrerie Nationale. Nobel had access to a firing range located adjacent to the one used by the French army. In 1887 Nobel developed what he called ballistite, sometimes referred to as the "crowning glory' if his research career. A form of smokeless powder, it quickly replaced black powder in the armories of the world. However, the French were already using a nearly smokeless powder developed by a french chemist, so when Nobel offered his product to the French gunpowder monopoly, l'Administration des Poudres et Salpetres, pride and politics intervened and they rejected it. Thereupon, Nobel offered ballistite to Italy, who immediately accepted. The French were infuriated that he would sell arms and arms technology to a foreign power, as well they might be, and a violent press campaign ensued. The French government accused him of his laboratory equipment, and threatened to throw him in jail.
Although it developed out of research Nobel was doing on explosives for construction and mining purposes, ballistite was his first direct venture into arms production. Of course, Nobel's father made (and lost) one of his fortunes in the arms business for the Tsars, and Nobel was educated by this largesse. Moreover, as important as dynamite was (and remains) for commercial and industrial progress, many people were killed in its production and use, including Nobel's own brother. But for Alfred Nobel, these unfortunate accidents coud never be allowed to stop progress. Finally, in his last years Nobel acquired the firm AB Bofors, in Karlskoga, Sweden, which remains one of the largest arms manufactures in the world. How are these arms profits to be reconciled with Nobel's idealistic interests in peace and medicine? It seems that Nobel's long correspondence with Bertha von Suttner represented a somewhat aloof participation in peace activities. Nobel contributed money, but never became directly involved. In fact, he wrote her in 1891 "Perhaps my factories will put an eng to war sooner than your congresses; on the day that two army corps can mutually annihilate each other in a second, all civilized nations will surely recoil with horror and disband their troops." Although this remark seems naive in light of what transpired in the 20th century, his naivete should not be confused with evil intent. In 1945 Albert Einstein in a speech following the use of the atomic bombs on Japan said "Alfred Nobel invented an explosive more powerful than any then known –– an exceedingly effective means of destruction. To atone for this 'accomplishment' and to relieve his conscience, he instituted his award for the promotion of peace." It is not at all clear that Nobel actually felt this way, and it may be that Nobel really developed arms technology because the opportunity was there and supported his work. In this sense he might be compared with Werner von Braun, who developed rockets for Hitler because he loved rocketry and Hitler would buy them, and Werner Heisenberg, who led the German atomic bomb project in part, he argued, to save German science. The deaths and destruction they caused seem to have been collateral effects, but not their objective even in wartime.
18. Alfred Nobel's Obituary Calling him a "Merchant of Death" Never Happened & Never Inspired the Nobel Prize.; Kathy Balistreri.
If you read a biography of Alfred Nobel or of the Nobel Prize, including Wikipedia and the Encyclopedia Britannica, you will likely read a dramatic story: in April 1888 Alfred Nobel's brother died and a newspaper mistakenly reported that Alfred had died. More then that, the paper ripped Alfred to shreds. "The Merchant of Death is Dead!" the newspaper cried, "Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday." According to these biographies, Alfred Nobel was so distraught by this that he willed most of his vast fortune to creating the Nobel Prizes to improve his image. However, some modern biographers have started to wonder if this story is apocryphal, as no one can seem to find a copy of this important newspaper. However, no one has found proof one way or another, until now. I have found pretty conclusive evidence that Alfred Nobel did read his own premature obituary but it didn't call him a "Merchant of Death" nor did it inspire him to create the Nobel Prizes. In fact, I found that the "Merchant of Death" version of events was basically completely made up by an unscrupulous biographer in 1959.
Let us start with the actual premature obituary. Alfred Nobel's brother Ludwig did die in Cannes, France in April of 1888, and a newspaper printed a far more mild misstatement. The real newspaper blurb stated in full: "A man who can not very easily pass for a benefactor of humanity died yesterday in Cannes. It is Mr. Nobel , inventor of dynamite. Mr. Nobel is Swedish." The next day the paper printed a correction that it was Alfred's brother who had died not Alfred. We also have a letter from Alfred Nobel's friend Madame Juliette Adam-Lambert telling Alfred how glad she was that the rumor was false. It would obviously be traumatic for anyone to tell friends and relatives that he wasn't dead yet. However, the negativity of this mild statement seems unlikely to have devastated Nobel especially as Alfred Nobel had been known for decades as "the dynamite King" and he often had a contentious relationship with the French press. In addition, Alfred was an atheist who had complained just the previous year, "Who has time to read biographies, and who can be so naive or fatuous as to take an interest in them?" Now it is possible that another French paper made the same mistake and that paper call Nobel a "Merchant of Death'" and this disturbed him so much that he created the Nobel Prize seven years later. However, that event seems quite unlikely as we have many of Nobel's letters to his family, friends employees, and even his mistress and nowhere does he mention the whole "Merchant of Death" thing. Mind you, Alfred Nobel was often depressed and he expressed his fears and frustrations freely with his friends and family. For example, he wrotehis mistress Sophie Hess in November of 1889, "What a sad end I am going toward, with only an olds servant who asks himself the whole time if he will inherit anything from me." Although Alfred Nobel suffered from melancholy, it was not related to his work, for Albert Nobel stated many times that he felt that dynamite and other weapons would make the world a safer place. See, Nobel thought that if he could make a truly terrible weapon it would scare countries away from war. Back in 1877, eleven years before his brother's death, he told his friend Bertha von Suttner, "I wish I could produce a substance or a machine of such frightful efficacy for wholesale devastation that wars should thereby become altogether impossible." He continued to express that sentiment repeatedly for the remainder of his life. To Alfred Nobel, weapons and dynamite did not make him a"merchant of death" but a "merchant of peace" and anyone who didn't agree with him was short sited. In additon, in 1892 (4 years after his brother's death), Alfred Nobel went to his first Peace Conference and became enamored of the disarmament movement and asked his secretary to look into how he could support it. When his secretary told him to start a propaganda magazine he replied, "I might as well just throw my money out the window!". If Alfred Nobel were only interested in PR, wouldn't he have wanted a peace paper in his name independent of how effective it was to create actual change?
So, where did the "merchant of death" story come from and why has it taken hold of our consciousness As far as I can tell, a man named Nicholas Halasz was the first person to suggest that that Nobel created the Nobel Prize because of the premature obituary and the first person to state that the obituary called Alfred Nobel a "Merchant of Death". In fact, Halasz began his 1959 book "Nobel: a Biography" with Alfred reading his own obituary and being "overwhelmed" to realize that he was known," quite simply a merchant of death and for that alone would he be remembered. Later in the book the author repeated the story and sid that the paper called Nobel, "a merchant of death who had amassed a huge fortune from the sales of more and more devastating weapons." But where did Halasz get that idea and that provocative phrase? Halasz did not include a single reference in his book so we have to guess his motivations and sources. But the biggest clue maybe the term "Merchant of Death". Startlingly, as far as I can find, no one used the ter "Merchant of Death" about anyone for over 43 years after Ludwig Nobel's death. The term seems to have been coined by an author of an article written in 1932 about a real character named Basil Zaharoff who was known for his ruthlessness, selling munitions to anyone who had enough money . In fact, Zaharoff was even known to encourage conflict and then sell arms to both sides!This article was poetically titled, "Zaharoff, Merchant of Death". Two years later, another author "borrowed" that phrase for his book o arms dealers, which he titled "Merchant of Death: A Study of the International Armament Industry." The New York Times reviewed this book and after that the phrase "Merchant of Death" was often used to describe people who sell weapons. By the late 50s, Halasz must have heard the term was only 25 years old and therefore could not have been in Alfred's premature obituary.
Why did Halasz think that an obituary inspired Albert Nobel? Well, he might have felt that it was total illogical that an arms dealer and an inventor of dynamite would make a Peace Prize. Nobel's theory that terrible weaons would end war seemed, in the 1950s, to be no naive as to be absurd. So, when Halasz read about Nobel reading his own obituary (probably from Madame Adam-Lambert's letter of relief that Nobel wasn't dead) it must have seemed like the key to the puzzle. When Halasz couldn't find the actual obituary, in an act of journalistic malpractice, he just made one up. After Halasz's book was published the phrase "Merchant of Death" was too delicious to not repeat. In addition, the story of a premature obituary inspiring the world's most improtant prizes was a simple and satisfying origin story. Soon, many biographers were repeating this version of events. In 1991, a Swedish actor and historian named Kenne Fant wrote a biography of Alfred Nobel that is considered the gold-standard that said, "the obituary characterized Alfred as a "merchant of death" who had built a fortune by discovering new ways to "mutilate and kill." Alfred ......... Became so obsessed with his posthumous reputation that he rewrote his last will, bequeathing most of his fortune to a cause upon which no future obituary writer would be able to cast aspersions."Kant's book also doesn't have references, so it is not clear if he got the story from Halasz or from someone who was influenced by Halasz. Although the "Merchant of Death" premature obituary origin story is satisfying , it just isn't true.
So why did Nobel create Nobel Prizes? There is a lot of clues that it had to de with a 20 year friendship with a woman named Bertha von Suttner. They first met each other when Bertha worked for Alfred as his secretary in 1876 and became instant close friends. However, the employment only lasted a week as Bertha quit to marry her sweetheart, even if his parents disapproved. In 1889, Bertha wrote the pacifist manifesto/novel "Throw Down Your Arms!" Alfred Nobel was entrance writing Bertha, "How long did it take ou to write this marvel? You shall tell me when net I have the honor and happiness of pressing your hand - the Amazonian hand which so valiantly makes war on war. "After year of nagging, in 1892, Bertha finally convinced Alfred to attend a peace congress, which influenced him greatly. He wrote, "I shoul be exceedingly happy if I could assist in carrying the work of the Peace Congress forward, even if it were but a step."
Interestingly, Nobel also believed that weapons might lead to peace telling von Suttner, "perhaps my factories will end war quicker than your congress; on the day when two army corps may mutually annihilate each other in a second, probably all civilized nations will recoil with horror and disband their troops." In January of 1893, Alfred Nobel wrote Bertha von Suttner with an idea to create a large prize every five years for the promotion of peace.
However, Nobel continued to think that terrible weapons could end war, biology could end disease, and literature could curb prejudice and cruelty. Possibly for that reason, on November 27 of 1895, Alfred Nobel rewrote his will so that the bulk of his estate was to create a fund for yearly prizes that, "conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". The prizes were to be in Physics, Chemistry, Biology. Literature, and "to the person who has done the most or best to advance fellowship among nations, the abolition or reduction of standing armies, and the establishment and promotion of peace congress".
On November 10, of the following year, Alfred Nobel died. He was only 63 years old. Nineteen days before his death, Alfred wrote his last letter to Bertha where he concluded, "I am enchanted to see that the peace movement is gaining ground. That is due to the civilizing of the masses, and especially to the prejudice hunters and darkness hunters, among whom you hold an exalted rank. Those your titles of nobility." In 1905, Bertha von Suttner was awarded the 4th Nobel Peace prize, and it is pretty clear that Alfred would have been pleased to hear it.
I am not the only one who thought that Bertha inspired the Nobel Prizes. For example, the very day that Henri Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross, learned he was being awarded the first peace prize he wrote Bertha with his thanks saying, "The Prize, gracious lady, is your work; for through your instrumentality Herr Nobel became devoted to the peace movement, and at your suggestion he became its promoter." So please, let's not forget the importance of Bertha von Sutter and her Amazonian hand. Also, biography and Wikipedia writers check the original sources, or a fake story may obscure the truth!
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